In 1801 the Pasha declared war on the United States, citing insufficient and late payments. In
response, President Jefferson dispatched several warships to the region to mark their presence.
At some points, these warships bombarded Tripoli from the sea. However, in October 1803 the
U.S.S. Philadelphia ran aground on the rocks near Tripoli and her crew was captured. In
response, in a combined naval and ground operation, navy warships bombarded Tripoli while
U.S. Marines approached the city on camelback from Cairo.


"Phase I Plans" to assassinate Fidel Castro: "The May 14, 1962 memorandum was prepared by Sheffield Edwards and continued after the opening sentence: 11 In August 1960 the undersigned was approached by Mr. Richard Bissell, then Deputy Director for Plans of CIA, to explore the possibility of
mounting this sensitive operation against Fidel Castro. It was
thought that certain gambling interests, which had formerly been active in Cuba, might be willing and able to assist and further, might have both intelligence assets in Cuba and communication between Miami, Florida and Cuba."


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